Abstract Expressionism (1940s-Present) Art History

Abstract Expressionism, also known as  Action Painting or Color Field Painting, exploded onto the art scene after World War II with its characteristic messiness and extremely energetic applications of paint.   Abstract Expressionism is also referred to as gestural abstraction because its brush strokes revealed the artists process. This process is the subject of the art itself. As Harold Rosenberg explained: the work of art becomes an event. For this reason, he referred to this movement as Action Painting. Many modern-day art historians believe that his emphasis on action leaves out another side of Abstract Expressionism: control vs. chance. Historians posit that Abstract Expressionism comes from three major sources: Kandinskys abstraction, the Dadaists reliance on chance, and the Surrealists endorsement of Freudian theory that embraces the relevance of dreams, sexual drives ( libido) and the authenticity of ego (unfiltered self-centeredness, known as narcissism), which this art expresses through action. Despite the paintings apparent lack of cohesion to the uneducated eye, these artists cultivated the interplay of skill and unplanned occurrences to determine the paintings final outcome. Most of the Abstract Expressionists lived in New York and met at the Cedar Tavern in Greenwich Village. Therefore the movement is also called The New York School. A good number of the artists met through the Depression-era WPA (Works Progress/Project Administration), a government program that paid artists to paint murals in government buildings. Others met through Hans Hoffman, the master of the push-pull school of Cubism, who came from Germany in the early 1930s to Berkeley and then New York to serve as the guru of abstraction. He taught at the Art Students League and then opened his own school. Rather than following the tamer brush applied methods from the Old World, these young bohemians invented new ways to apply paint in a dramatic and experimental manner. New Ways of Experimenting with Art Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) became known as Jack the Dripper because of his drip-and-spatter technique that fell upon a canvas laid out horizontally on the floor. Willem de Kooning (1904-1907) used with loaded brushes and garish colors that seemed to collide rather than settle down into co-existence. Mark Tobey (1890-1976) wrote his painted marks, as if he were inventing an unintelligible alphabet for an exotic language that no one knew or would ever bother to learn. His work was based on his study of Chinese calligraphy and brush painting, as well as Buddhism. The key to understanding Abstract Expressionism is to understand the concept of deep in 1950s slang. Deep meant not decorative, not facile (superficial) and not insincere. Abstract Expressionists strove to uncover their most personal feelings directly through making art, and thereby achieve some transformation--or, if possible, some personal redemption. Abstract Expressionism can be divided into two tendencies:  Action painting, which included  Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Tobey, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell and Grace Hartigan, among many, many others;  Ã‚  and Color Field Painting, which included such artists as  Mark Rothko, Helen Frankenthaler, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland and Adolph Gottlieb. The Expressionism Movement Abstract Expressionism evolved through the work of each individual artist. Generally speaking, each artist arrived at this free-wheeling style by the end of the 1940s and continued in the same manner to the end of his or her life. The style has remained alive well into the current century through its youngest practitioners. Key Characteristics of Abstract Expressionism Unconventional application of paint, usually without a recognizable subject (de Koonings Woman series is an exception) that tends toward amorphous shapes in brilliant colors. Dripping, smearing, slathering, and flinging lots of paint on to the canvas (often an unprimed canvas) is another hallmark of this style of art. Sometimes gestural writing is incorporated into the work, often in a loosely calligraphic manner. In the case of Color Field artists, the picture plane is carefully filled with zones of color that create tension between the shapes and hues.

To Rap Or Not To Rap Essay - 1087 Words

The music industry is always growing and trying to solicit new music to get higher ratings. â€Å"The music industry’s role in promoting negative music has been a hot topic for many years. What is too often under reported is how young people, including incarcerated youth, are directly impacted by the music.† That quote came from an article called ‘Seb is Hip Hop’. All a person has to do is turn on their radio to a mainstream station and they to can get taste of the carnage. Rap and hip-hop are two of many genres that get a lot of attention for their violence, drug use, and degrading sexism towards women. Hip-hop started to gain a lot of attention in the 80’s to convey equality against racism. People thought that hip-hop was just a phase,†¦show more content†¦It makes a claim that a person has to be willing to pay the price if they want to look the part. In some cases the child’s family cannot afford all of those expensive clothes. The child is upset that he or she cannot have those clothes so they revert to steeling the things they desire. The children don’t even think twice because the rapper that they idolize might even say its ok to steel. Drugs and alcohol play a big part in rap as well. Trying to listen to a rap song without drugs in it is like trying to find a needle in a haystack. When the artists rhymes about their street life they go on and on about how they are never sober. An article on the web called The Impact of Rap and Hip-Hop Music On American Youth. Makes a vary alarming claim that â€Å"Studies show that ever since these genres of music becameShow MoreRelatedThe Violence Of Rap And Rap1633 Words   |  7 Pagesis a culture that has developed rapidly this past century. Rap, over the years has changed in many ways such that it went from being condemned by the public to being mainstream, it is now being used to aid teens with psychological troubles, and more. This leads to the question to be answered: How has the change from condemning drug use and illegal acts in rap to glorifying it influenced youth over the last two decades? The evolution of rap has in many ways positively affected the youth but, e quallyRead MoreGangster Rap : Rap And Black Masculinity1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthat gangster rap represents a masculinity that rappers portray themselves as in their songs. Dating back to its origins, African Americans had always been the face of gangster rap, with such names like Tupac, Biggie, Jay-Z, DMX, and much more, as covers of rap magazines. Gangster rap had always been seen as what people interpret it to be and that is a raw rhythmic and explicit version of poetry in motion, but gangster rap depicts more than what people interpret it to be. Gangster rap depicts theRead More rap Essay2819 Words   |  12 Pages Rap Music The following is an excerpt from Black Noise, a book written by Tricia Rose, that describes the importance and background of rap music in society. quot;Rap music brings together a tangle of some of the most complex social, cultural, and political issues in contemporary American society. Raps contradictory articulations are not signs of absent intellectual clarity; they are a common feature of community and popular cultural dialogues that always offer more than one cultural, socialRead MoreRap Music And New School Rap1301 Words   |  6 Pages Although rap music has been around for decades, and to this day people still enjoy listening to it, most people prefer new-school rap over old-school rap because of its great quality.Unlike old-school rap, new-school rap is listened to by many different races. In addition, unlike rap when it first started there s a large variety of rap artists of different culture. To support this, Devos Jan, author of The Evolution of Hip-Hop Culture, states that, What initially was a relatively small subcultureRead MoreRap as a Language2526 Words   |  11 PagesSince its start in the music industry around nineteen eighty-eight rap music has always been under a lot of scrutiny for its lyrics and messages that it portrays. Rap music has a long history starting back to the days of slavery and has come a long way since then bridging gaps between all genres of music including jazz, blues, and basic drum beats. When hip hop first came about its message was simple. It was groups of black men who described the life they were living in the ghettos all over theRead MoreThe History Of Rap Music1751 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper will trace the history of rap music (also known as hip-hop). The origins of this music are found in the experiences of urban African Americans during the 1970s. One of the most unique elements of rap music is its vocal style. In 1979, the record â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† by the Sugar Hill Gang defined this style with its use of â€Å"speedy staccato word play and verbal dexterity† (Perkins 11). However, as pointed out by one of rapâ₠¬â„¢s early leaders, Afrika Bambaataa, the true roots of this vocalRead MoreEssay on Rap Music2280 Words   |  10 PagesRap is a popular type of music in todays society, but it didnt just come to be. In the 1970s rap emerged from other types of music to become what it is today. Rap is influenced and inspired by other types of music. Its influences are closely related to each other. Rap music has derived from various types of music. In a world in which people are constantly confronted with violent acts such as rape, assault, murder, school shootings and other violences, society is eager and anxious to find andRead MoreViolence in Rap Music572 Words   |  2 PagesRap Music: Does it make people violent Rap music is one of the elements of Hip-Hop music. It is the form of rhyming lyrics spoken rhythmically over musical instruments with a musical backdrop of sampling, scratching and mixing. Rap music became popular in early 80’s. In 1989 a group Niggaz Wit Attitudes came fro m Los Angeles and changed the rap music. This changed rap was the start of Gangsta Rap, in which they talked about violence, crime and killing. With the popularity of Gangsta rap, everyoneRead MoreThe Legacy Of Hip Hop And Rap, And Its Release Changed The Rap Industry2150 Words   |  9 PagesDropout and Late Registration established himself as a premier player in the rap game, as well as paved the way for his third album, Graduation. Released in September of 2007, Graduation was very well received by critics and the general public alike, but its importance goes much further than simply sounding appealing. Graduation epitomizes the changing landscape of hip-hop and rap, and its release changed the rap industry into what it is today. In the fall of 2002, Kanye West suffered aRead MoreThe Evolution Of Rap Music921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Rap Rap music is undeniably one of the most popular music genres today. What is rap? Rap is really a very old word. You can find the term popping up as early as the 15th and 16th century in Britain. The word rap actually meant to strike or to hit. After a few centuries a slight variation of this definition appeared which meant to speak or talk. In America around the 1960’s it began to pop up in the black community and was used as a slang word to mean that someone was talking or

A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 994 Words

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a fictional short story written by William Faulkner, a Nobel Laurette of the American South. The story takes place in a fictional city of Jefferson, Mississippi. Faulkner portrays Emily, the main character in the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† as a strong, stubborn woman who spends most of her life indoors in her house built in the seventies and leaves the people of her town in assumptions. At first, people of the town are curious to know about her; as time passes by, they lose interest in her story. She denied paying her taxes; she overlooked every mail that was sent to her at the end of the year about the taxes. She repeatedly says, â€Å"I have no taxes in Jefferson.† She denies the changes in her life, which makes no sense because there is life after every storm and death is the master. The story opens with the funeral of Emily Grierson followed by a series of strange activities. The narrator remains unknown until the end of the story. Emily and her father live in an old-fashioned way; he dies when she is thirty. There is no sign of her getting married till then. She refuses to bury his body after his death, saying that he is not dead. She would not let the women from the city into her house after her father’s death. After her father’s death, she does not come out much until after she meets Homer Barron. She was seen outside with Barron a couple of times and the people in the town assumed that they would be married. After a few days, Barron was not inShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. Emily’s gender particularly affects how men understand her. Throughout the whole piece Emily is seen as a helpless individual who is lonely and has suffered losses throughout her life. When the reader reaches the end of the story the actions that Emily has taken is unexpected because of the way she is perceived by the narrator. In the beginning of the story, when the wholeRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national m agazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily GriersonRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner883 Words   |  4 PagesIn the timeless classic, â€Å"A rose for Emily† by William Faulkner we are introduced to Emily Grierson, a matured sheltered southern woman; born to a proud, aristocratic family presumably during the American Civil War. Through out the short story William Faulkner uses many literary devices such as symbolism, metaphors and allegory to play with â€Å"time† and how time reflects upon his main character Emily Grierson. Emily being one who denies the ability to see time for what it is linear and unchangeableRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1277 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Emily Grierson, the main character in the strange short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. It would be best to examine her in a mental capacity as well as the circumstances that may affect her. Throughout the story, Miss Emily’s unpredictable and eccentric behavior becomes unusual, and the reader, like the townspeople in the story, is left to speculate how Miss Emily has spent years living and sleeping with the body of Homer Barron. An important quote from the story was that

The 20th Century - The Most Violent Century of All Time....

The progress made in the 20th century is staggering. Advancements in science, medicine and technology alone have brought incalculable benefits to human beings. Yet on the darker side, the 20th century was also the most violent time of human history. Two world wars, the massacres of Stalin, the Holocaust of Hitler, and many other such events killed over hundreds of millions of people and inflicted extreme suffering on hundreds of millions more that will make this period in time and period that will be remembered forever. The century had a trend toward weapon improvements. It wasnt until the 20th century that weapons became common in war and on the streets. The 20th century brought automatic firearms, missiles, and nuclear warheads.†¦show more content†¦Some were left to die in concentration camps and many others were killed in a line fashion in concentration camps. This hideous time in human history became known as the Holocaust. This was a horrible type of violence that should outrage us. Hitler, in my thought and also be seen in the book â€Å"Physicists†. The doctor spies on Mobies, to figure out his knowledge and she wants to take over the world with it. She always says how much power she has and how much money she has. This represents militarism and she is going to establish a dictatorship and dominate the earth and the noble people walk right into the trap. Violence has influenced lives because violence isnt as what it used to be. As a race we have become more tolerant of violence. People own guns because they feared somebody else with a gun will try to rob or kill them so they defend themselves. We deal with hearing and reading about war or violence every single day, even if we dont pay attention or notice it, its still there. People in the 20th century had to choose whether to run or face the violence and these voices didn’t go unheard. There were many arts and literature that were taken from the war that showed the true cruelty behind all this. One of the most well known survivors of the Holocaust was Elie Wiesel who wrote the book â€Å"Night† where she described her traumatic experiences in a graphic and terrifying way. A philosopher known as Sartre greatly influenced existentialism in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The 19th Century1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th century contributed to Europe’s history in the form of ideologies. In contrast to the 20th century, there were no wars or acts of violence used to support these ideologies; instead the forces of capitalism drove the history of the 19th century. By this notion, the last time Europe had experienced extreme forms of violence was during the French Revolution, therefore the decades before the 20th century were relatively peaceful. In the summer of 1914, Europe crossed the point of no return withRead MoreHumanity: A Moral History of the 20th Century by Jonathan Glover1325 Words   |  6 PagesAs most people would agree, the 20th century contained some of the bloodiest and most gruesome events ever recorded in history. Why do words such as Hiroshima, Rwanda, The Final Solution, A Great Leap Forward, The Great Purge and so many more sp ark such vivid images of blood, torture and murder in our minds? And despite those horrific images, what is it that causes us humans time and time again to commit such crimes against humanity? Those are the kinds of questions Jonathan Glover, a criticallyRead MoreDeath Of The 19th Century947 Words   |  4 Pages1850 in the north of Melbourne, housed Victoria’s most infamous criminals, which included; Russell Street Bomber Craig Minogue, 1920’s gangster Squizzy Taylor, Hoddle Street gunman Julian Knight and Mark ‘Chopper’ Reid. Pentridge Prisons history emphasizes the changes in crime, offending and punishment over its period of operation. By the end of the 20th century, Australia was less violent in comparison to the end of the 18th and 19th centuries. Crimes that have reoccurred during this period includeRead MoreSatyagraha, By Mahatma Gandhi1410 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1869, one of the most prominent and influential men to ever live was born. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Gujarat, India. Known for leading India to its eventual freedom and inspiring movements across the world, Gandhi became India’s ‘Father of the Nation’. His non-violent and non-cooperative civil disobedience provided a sense of truth and firmness. Better known as Satyagraha, as coined by Gandhi, became one of the best methods to fight injustices. Around the world, Satyagraha has provenRead MoreEssay on Modernism in Literature1532 Words   |  7 Pagesturn of the 20th century conveyed revolution in psychological, social, and philosophical thought. It was time for something neoteric. It was time to break out of the mund ane tradition. This time of revolution conceded men, such as Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud, to rise to fame with their radical and cutting edge theories. Also, women were exasperated of their modeled roles in society. They sought to be independent, they longed to have the ability to vote, and most of all, they wantedRead MoreThe First Midterm Assignment During American History1500 Words   |  6 Pageslate-19th century was the most prolonged time period in American history and also what the bloodiest. Many violent events occurred that gave the 19th century its name, such as, profound labor conflicts between boss and workers, the Indian wars that was an extended battle for peace and a benefit in their lifestyles, the Jim Crow law which was established to separate races throughout the city, and also the fight for the American Empires power. These were the major issues that made the 19th century an importantRead More##eau, Gandhi, And King And Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience1317 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica. The methods of protesting have been changing. Instead of using violent tactics, such as war and destruction, reformers such as Thoreau, Gandhi, and King have brought about a more impactful way of protesting. Nonviolent protests are one of the most successful ways to bring about change, and it is through this method that we achieve our goals while at the same time keeping the peace. Setting a precedent even in the 21st century, Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience underlines the basis of nonviolent protestsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Late And Early 20th Century1693 Words   |  7 Pages The period surrounding the late and early 20th century was the most dramatic era in modern history. It was a period where Western ideals were pushed by motivated empires with ambitions of wealth and expanding territory and, while impossible to distinguish the most influencing factor that led to the Westernization of nations on a global scale, it is easy to determine key points that played important roles in world history. With Western cultures emerging with both technological and military advantageRead MoreThe Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1018 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans to gain equal rights to their white counterparts. This civil rights push lasted the better part of a century, lasting all the way into the 1960s. It was a hotly contested issue that was the cause of many major events, including riots and protests. Important figures such as Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led the Civil Rights movement in the 20th century. The movement was not without opposition, and it had faced many setbacks. Throughout its duration, the civil rights movementRead MoreDescartes, Hobbes, and Pascal Essay examples1033 Words   |  5 Pagesand Pascal During the 17th and 18th century, religion, religious beliefs and most of all the religious leaders played a very influential role in the direction of politics. This was also a time when religion and politics played a large role in the direction of what was accepted as a result of the new discoveries in the natural sciences and in a time when there were some very influential writers, philosophers, scientists and mathematicians. At the time, these people were considered to be very

Private Peacefull Free Essays

This is a book review on the book â€Å"private peaceful. † This is the best book I have read this year. This book is all about â€Å"innocence and love, courage and cowardice† as it is clearly written on the front of the cover of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Peacefull or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a book about two brothers called Charlie who is the older brother and Tommo who is the smaller brother who go through the good side and the bad side of life because their father has died and other family issues.As they grow up they start to drift apart from each other because of a friend that they both love called molly who starts to gain love for to Charlie therefore leaving poor Charlie alone. Suddenly they have to go to war. So they pack their things say bye to their loved ones and go off to war†¦. †¦. The book ‘Private Peaceful’ written by Michael Morpurgo is a book that explores the life of Tommo through past and present throughout of his life. The reader is also introduced to Charlie the brother of Tommo and how they are different towards each other. The book is one that also explores the relationship that Charlie and Tommo have. This book tells you how someone is like as a child, and how they are when they are older. An example to me of this would be Charlie. Charlie as a child was completely different to Tommo. Charlie is a very independent person he stands up for what he believes in, basically he is brave. Charlie is responsible to look after Tommo because he is very sensitive and his small brother. Example of this is when Tommo is getting beat up by Jimmy Parsons, Charlie comes to help, in the end Charlie is the one who gets punished but he just accepts it because he is brave, ‘†¦when it’s Charlie’s turn, all you hear are the punches’p24.Charlie is a character that stands up for what he believes in and what he believes was right. It was this believing attitude that made Charlie a man and took him through life. Charlie and Tommo had a really tight relationship when they were young but as time when on it started to fade a little until towards the end of the book when Charlie knew he was going to be punished after his actions. Then it became pretty intense and their relationship that was once strong when they were young became even stronger than it had ever been.An example of this is before Charlie gets shot. â€Å"This is going to be difficult enough without tears. † He holds me an arm length away. ’pg176. The book ‘Private Peaceful’ is one that makes a change on the individual. It is a book that shows how a person is able to change throughout life over a distance of time. It is also a book that tell you how individuals can stay the same, the things learnt in childhood, is able to be carried on into adult life. Tommo and Charlie are examples of this.The author is also trying to make the reader how one mistake can change a relationship so quickly and the change it can have on somebody. The book makes people realise that even though there is often change, it is really about the keeping the relationships with the people you love and using your past to change your future. In conclusion I think that this book is a fantastic book and a very emotional book and maybe a life changing book, for some individuals. For example it tells you to keep your relations tight with the ones you love, and also learn from your mistakes in the past. By Kaiser Saeed How to cite Private Peacefull, Papers

Brain Development and Cognitive Learning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Brain Development and Cognitive Learning. Answer: Introduction: The core notion of cognitive learning is to develop the skill and ability to resolve issues of an individual. While maintaining the entire process of learning every individual teacher should use the technique of pedagogy with the help of which both the learner and the facilitator can equally participate in the learning process. The primary objective of an efficient teacher is to make every individual student understand about the significance of learning. As a result, they would be able to develop their mental skill and ability always. This particular study has provided detailed analysis on how interactive use of learning process with the help of pedagogy can be effective in enhancing the brain of an individual learner. Cognitive development and learning: Since birth, a child has the ability to acquire knowledge through various forms of learning. The process of learning can be statistical or by analogy or casually but they never fail to gain the knowledge. Their process of learning includes sound recognition, language acquisition and the visual learning through identifying things (Kolb, 2014). The learning process of the young children is a process that undergoes social mediation and involvement of family, peer, teachers and even from the career objectives. Therefore, environment plays a vital role in developing cognitive learning among the young children. An eight-year-old child requires social interaction along with a learning environment to help them enhance the learning skill. Research proved that the cognitive development and interest of learning in a child grows from the multi-sensory networks that grow in the childs brain (Renninger, Hidi Krapp, 2014). The brain of a child is the same as that of an adult brain and they too hav e the ability to think and have reason for it but children lack experience and through years they continue developing their learning and thinking power. To develop their internal skill, the school can be of great help. This is because when a child enters the classroom they enter a room that offers them diverse experience and slowly helps them increase their self-skills. A child has an ability to construct meaning of things in their minds. They observe their parents and other family members to get the idea of how to behave according to situation. This is often marked as negative activity as there are many things that an adult does, which is not acceptable from the children. Therefore, parents must carefully judge the process of learning of the children, especially the process of cognitive development. The imagination of the children is very important step towards the cognitive development. The genetic difference among the children also influences the process of cognitive development (Kail, 2015). At home, the child should be praised for their performance and similarly in the schools the teachers must praise them so that the child has interest in learning. The motivation and encouragement will help the child to get more interest and in this manner, their cognitive development will grow. A child when it is born needs the guidance of the parents, after few years along with parents, teachers and peers also involve in their learning process. Cognitive development of child uncovers the link between the brain development and learning of a child. Components and theories of cognition and brain development related to childhood learning: The process of child development is normally divided into three parts; physical development, cognitive development and the social-emotional development. Language is a part of cognitive development among the children. Their cognitive development enhances as they grow up. Jean Piaget has proposed a theory establishing the stages of cognitive development of the children (Demetriou, Shayer Efklides, 2016). The four stages deploy different ages of the child. The first stage as proposed by Piaget is the sensorimotor stage. This stage starts from a childs birth and ends at the age of two. This stage develops the learning skill of the child through sensing and identifying objects. The second stage is the preoperational stage that covers the age of two to seven, a five years span and the child in this stage develops their ability of imagining things and understanding the meaning of symbols. The third one is the concrete operational stage, this consists of a four-year span from age of seven t o age of eleven, in this stage the child develops their ability to identify the external events and feel for others. This stage makes them less egocentric and develops a personality among them. The fourth and the last stage is the formal operational stage that starts from the age of eleven. This stage enhances the logical perspective of the students and they start planning for their future goals and life (Light Butterworth, 2016). There is another model that can be discussed to learn about the cognition and brain development of the child. The model is The Information Processing Model. This model states that the from the age of two until the age of five, a child enhances their attention skills and undergoes short and long time memory enhancement. This model even discusses that during the age of five to seven, a child gains their control over attitude and enhances their problem solving skills, making consideration of logical reasoning. Cognitive development has direct connection with the brain and has a large role to play in the development of learning process of the children. Cognitive skills of the children are the skills that their brain uses for thinking, learning and solving problems. The cognitive skills help the students in determining their IQ. Cognitive training is conducted for the children who have low cognitive skills and this training makes them adequate to acquire the learning and cognitive skills. Training the brain of child challenges the mental process of the children and helps them to improve their cognitive skills (Mischel, 2013). Impact of Inter-related factors on cognitive development of young children: Many factors affect the cognitive development of a child. The factors are influence of nutrition, influence of deficiency, influence of environment, influence of the role of parents (Grandjean Landrigan, 2014). For a childs growth, nutrition is an important factor. As without proper nutrition, a child will fail to have the adequate growth of brain. Many countries face the trouble of malnutrition among the children. This affects the growth of the child. That is why this is an important factor that enhances the growth of the child. Another step towards Cognitive development is the influence of the environment. For the growth of a child, the role of environment is inconsiderable; this is because a child grows with observing of the environment. When a child observes something negative, they apply it in their life, which result in growing of negative attitudes. Here the role of the parents is very important, every parent must have the knowledge about how and what their child is learning so that they can control the negative force from reaching to the child (Hair et al., 2015). A child always needs the guidance of their parents so that they are able to develop their cognitive skills. Next to influence, the cognitive development of a child is the role of the teachers in the schools. The children at school need the guidance of the teachers in order to develop their cognitive skills. Looking after every kid is tough and that is why teacher believe in setting the environment of the class with many experience so that the students can learn and develop their IQ as well. Children have faster capability of identifying things and getting hold of things and that is why the teachers, parents, peers and other family members need to practise the positive attitude in front of the children and help them develop their skills (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). Importance of pedagogy in brain development and cognitive learning: The overarching term pedagogy defines an instructional technique of teaching, influencing and motivating an individual for enhancing social, cultural and political values (Koehler, Mishra Cain, 2013). It is the interactive process between the teacher and the learner for making an effective learning development. On the other hand, the underlining concept cognitive learning involves with the acquisition of problem solving abilities with the help of intelligence as well as conscious thoughts and attitudes. This specific study has provided an in-depth overview on how pedagogy is having a major impact in the brain development of an individual young learner. Numerous eminent scholars have provided their own opinion regarding this specific issue. As per the point of view of Anderson and Dron (2012), an individual teacher while maintaining a learning process has to deal with the students of different geographical backgrounds as well as psychological attitudes. Therefore, the role of a respo nsible teacher is to make an effective conversation with every individual learner. If the teachers intend to use direct approach while maintaining learning and evaluation technique students belonging to different geographical areas may have to face innumerable difficulties in understanding the lecture of that individual. Therefore, the entire communication process does not become effective. However, in order to overcome this kind of situation, the teachers intend to use interactive approach with the help of which the students take a major part in sharing their views. As per the opinion of Lewis, Jones and Baker (2012), applying direct method in the overall learning process is not sufficient in developing the brain and mental ability of students. In order to develop the mental ability teachers would have to interact with every individual in order to identify their lack of understanding. As a result, based on that particular identified areas teacher can implement learning and development session. Like the same way cognitive learning believes that, students would be able to resolve their problems as well as issues by applying their mental thought and abilities. Butler and Markman (2012) argued that the mental through and ability of an individual would be enhanced only when this specific individual would like to apply brain and share thoughts with the facilitators. In many cases, it has been observed that students do not like to resolve their issues, as they are not flexible enough in sharing their thoughts (Twardosz, 2012). As a result, they do not get the scope of developing their mental ability. Therefore, pedagogy is the systematic technique that has been used for developing the brain of learners by applying interactive approach. Range of interrelated factors that has impact on the cognitive development and early childhood: Self-awareness: Every child after its birth starts to sense things and continues the same while growing. After the age of two they eventually starts to have a sense of self-awareness and this is understood when they respond to their childhood picture of see them at the mirror. Self-management: Self-management in a child is present since their birth because it is always known that a child has sensing ability more than an adult and that is why they can sense things before an adult does (Salthouse, 2016) Social awareness: Social awareness is very important for cognitive development of a child. Brain is a subject that needs all time consideration in the recent years of a child. As a child grows, there is a constant change in the brains of child and this impact on their behaviour and thus it is very important to have social awareness in the development of child (Salthouse, 2016). Relationship skills: Relationships influence largely on a childs cognitive development because relations reflects the values and believes of an individuals life, when the child fails to understand it they turn into an adult with negative vibe towards relationship (Cook et al 2017). Responsible decision-making: For making a child turn into a responsible adult it is very important to make then learn about what decision making skill actually is and how it helps in life. Without having knowledge about importance of responsibility and effective decision-making, life will be miserable to dwell with and the child will have problem (Cook et al 2017). Conclusion: The entire study has provided an in-depth overview about the importance of cognitive learning, brain development of an individual and using pedagogy technique. Numerous scholars have provided their own opinion regarding this specific topic. This particular study has focused to highlight on how the overall technique of pedagogy system is effective enough in developing the conscious thoughts and mental ability of an individual. People belonging to different geographical boundaries would be able to flexible in using their brain only when the teachers would like to use interactive approach at the time of learning session. References: Anderson, T., Dron, J. (2012). Learning technology through three generations of technology enhanced distance education pedagogy.European Journal of Open, Distance and e learning,15(2). Bjorklund, D. F., Causey, K. B. (2017).Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. SAGE Publications. Butler, L. P., Markman, E. M. (2012). Preschoolers use intentional and pedagogical cues to guide inductive inferences and exploration.Child development,83(4), 1416-1428. Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M., ... Mallah, K. (2017). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 390-398. Demetriou, A., Shayer, M., Efklides, A. (Eds.). (2016).Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development: Implications and applications for education. Routledge. Grandjean, P., Landrigan, P. J. (2014). Neurobehavioral effects of developmental toxicity.The Lancet Neurology,13(3), 330-338. Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., Wolfe, B. L., Pollak, S. D. (2015). Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement.JAMA pediatrics,169(9), 822-829. Kail, R. V. (2015).Children and their development. Pearson Higher Ed. Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Cain, W. (2013). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)?Journal of Education, 13-19. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Lewis, G., Jones, B., Baker, C. (2012). Trans languaging: Origins and development from school to street and beyond.Educational Research and Evaluation,18(7), 641-654. Light, P., Butterworth, G. (Eds.). (2016).Context and cognition: Ways of learning and knowing. Routledge. Mischel, T. (Ed.). (2013).Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Renninger, A., Hidi, S., Krapp, A. (Eds.). (2014).the role of interest in learning and development. Psychology Press. Salthouse, T. A. (2016). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Psychology Press. Twardosz, S. (2012). Effects of experience on the brain: The role of neuroscience in early development and education.Early Education Development,23(1), 96-119.

Limitations of Marketing Research free essay sample

Explain the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of Nivea. No matter how small or large a market research project may be, any type of research performed poorly will not give relevant results. In fact, all research, no matter how well controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. There are many reasons why research may not give good results but a common problem is deciding whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring. There are 3 types of limitations of market research. These are Cost effectiveness, reliability and validity of data collected. Reliability is chiefly concerned with making sure the method of data gathering leads to consistent results. For example; Nivea need to make sure that in their market research that they were asking the same questions asked of each person, was the sample big enough and reflective of the people who will use/buy the product would the same results be obtained from a different set of people. Reliability estimates the degree to which a product is measures in contrast to validity which involves the degree of accuracy. In research, Nivea will want to use measurement tools that are both reliable and valid. They will want to create questions that offer consistent responses when asked multiple times as this shows reliability. Validity asks whether the research measured what it intended to. Validity implies reliability: a valid measure must be reliable. But reliability does not necessarily imply validity: a reliable measure need not be valid. Validity is usually considered more important than reliability, because if an instrument does not accurately measure what it is supposed to, there is no reason to use it even if it measures reliably. Nivea needs to consider when carrying out their market research for a product is does the product measure what it claims to measure and is it accurate, this reduces the chances of the business making the wrong decision. If they so happen to make the wrong decision this will affect one of its marketing objectives which is to retain customers and gain new ones, if the validity of their data is not correct then they will not reach this marketing objectives as customers opinions of the company will differ. Costs are also an important consideration in market research, Nivea need to consider whether or not the product theyre promoting is cost effective. Their market research has to weigh up the cost of undertaking the research against the potential benefits that may result. You could spend a lot of time and effort in trying to solve a problem through market research, only to find that the solution may not be worth implementing. Also, marketing is one of the few areas of a budget that can be reigned in without hurting Nivea too much as they are a very successful business however, one of their marketing plans is to continue producing successful skin products and boost sales yearly. To do this they have a few cost-effective ways that a company can market its products. Search Engine Optimization- Niveas customers are no longer waiting for direct mail pieces to arrive before ordering–they are finding products when they want them through Internet searches. In fact, almost 90% of new visitors to a web site originate from major search engines. And clearly, a top ranking on Google can translate into hundreds or thousands of visitors– and orders–a month. As web pages proliferate, increasingly more aggressive search engine optimization strategies are needed to remain visible to Niveas customers. Permission-based Email Marketing. Permission is the difference between legitimate email marketing and spam, turning email marketing into a highly cost effective marketing strategy. The idea is simple and time tested: Nivea deliver highly relevant, timely, and personalized email messages to their customers and prospects at a fraction of the cost of direct mail to avoid any cost limitations. 3. Public Relations- News releases, white papers, case studies, awards, and sponsorships of educational events are just a few of the relatively inexpensive ways Nivea keep their brand name in front of other competitors. Although these methods have succeeded so far for them in the near future they will have to alter their methods as well as their approach to the types of market research they decide to carry out, otherwise poor market research will increase the chances of Nivea making a wrong decision. D2) Make and justify three recommendations for improving the validity (the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure) of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of your chosen organisation’s marketing plans. In this assignment I will be explaining how Nivea uses marketing research for its marketing planning by applying a Marketing Planning Process Model, a SWOT analysis on Nivea – giving at least 3 factors for each box) and their SMART objectives (stating what their business objectives are/might be) Marketing planning is concerned with establishing objectives and goals, allocating resources to meet these and setting out a clear plan of action. It also involves setting out ways of evaluating performance against marketing targets. Typically, the marketing planning process involves: a PESTLE audit, a SWOT analysis, setting SMART objectives, determining strategy and tactics, implementing strategy and tactics and evaluating effectiveness of marketing activity. A Marketing planning process model involves a PESTLE and SWOT As part of the marketing planning process, Nivea has to analyse its external environment. One useful way of analysing the external environment is by grouping external forces into six areas using a PESTLE analysis. PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental influences. Political factors that affect a business are usually beyond the control of the organisation. However, the business needs to anticipate changes and identify the action it needs to take to either make the most of an opportunity or mitigate a threat. For example, a political factor that Nivea need to consider is that during a recession, any banks or financial services providers would have to consider the likely government scrutiny of any of their business decisions. Economic factors can affect the performance of a business. These relate to he national – or international economy. A economic factor that can affect Nivea are the periods of prosperity that they go through. This can happen in three ways for example when high employment and income drives demand within the organisation. It can also happen in the form of recession when demand falls, leading to lower income and employment within their organisation. Furthermore, in the form of recovery, when demand, income and employment gradually rise within the business. Social factors relate to the values and beliefs of society. This includes the population’s demographics (for example, size, gender, ethnicity, income, education, occupation). These social factors provide useful information for Nivea as it allows them to target their services at broad segments of the population, such as newspapers and magazines. Technological developments can affect businesses in a range of ways. For example, the development of e-commerce benefited business such Amazon. co. uk. Due to the rise in e-commerce Nivea had to produce a e-commerce website which eventually took business away from traditional shops.. Legal developments affect businesses in a range of ways. For example, if there was a change to the Data Protection Act it would affect Nivea and all other businesses that hold customer data. For example If a change in the act occurred then Nivea may not be able to expressly agree to the use of personal data for advertising or marketing purposes any more. Environmental factors can relate to the social, political and legal aspects affecting a business. For example, if Nivea decide to package their cream products in recyclable packaging. This may prove to be popular with consumers if there is a growing level of concern over waste. Similarly, the government may put pressure on businesses to increase the amount of recycling. SWOT analysis A useful approach to examining the relationship between a business and its marketing environment is by conducting a SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for: †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses †¢ Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the business and can include issues such as the buildings, quality of the staff, IT systems and so on. The external element looks at the opportunities and threats present in the environment in which the organisation operates. Carrying out a SWOT analysis requires research into an organisation’s current and future position. The idea is to match an organisation’s strengths and weaknesses with the external forces (opportunities and threats). SWOT analysis draws together all the evidence from the various analytical techniques used. It is a way of producing a summary, which then provides the basis for developing marketing objectives or aims and ultimately strategies or plans. Strengths refer to the internal features of Nivea, which provide a competitive advantage. An example could be a highly efficient IT system which they use to design their products. The company also has a sound financial base, so it had the resources to put together a strong marketing campaign. Also, Nivea has staff with relevant skills – researchers with the scientific skills to develop products that men want and marketing staff with the skills to help promote these products effectively. Weaknesses are internal aspects of the organisation, which may not stand comparison with competition or are not performing effectively. An example might be major concerns and questions that Nivea have when launching a product For example; Was the product range still relevant for the target audience? Did it have the right sales and distribution outlets? Was its market research up-to-date? Opportunities focus on events and developments external to an organisation. This might include new territories for a product or service. Opportunities that Nivea will want to undertake is to open a new segment of a market. Also, NIVEA FOR MEN had seen an increase in the sales of male skincare products and it wants a greater share of this market, Nivea might might consider this. Furthermore, the company wants to take advantage of changing social attitudes such as men becoming more open, or certainly less resistant, to facial skincare products. Threats are developments external to the organisations, which could damage overall performance. These threats can originate from governmental policy, such as an increase in corporation tax or new laws. Threats to Nivea are consumers who are becoming more knowledgeable and price conscious. They often expect sales promotions such as discounts and offers. Also, the risk of competitors entering the market.